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Nearly all the table grapes you eat during the winter come from Chile, but you could also say they are the fruit of UC ����ԭ��. The same goes for the Chilean-grown apples, peaches, nectarines, pears and avocados that you find out of season in your grocery store.

More than 50 Chileans who studied agricultural sciences at UC ����ԭ�� in the 1960s and 1970s — the "����ԭ�� boys" — are widely credited with helping to transform their country into one of the world's leading fresh-fruit exporters.

Now, there is a new wave of Chilean scholars — protégés of the first ����ԭ�� boys — who are pursuing graduate studies at UC ����ԭ�� with hopes of helping their country tackle a new array of challenges, from improving fruit and wine quality to expanding fish farming and cleaning up pollution.

And campus officials are working with a nonprofit business incubator in Chile to develop UC ����ԭ�� innovations in food processing, fish farming, agricultural biotechnology and other fields as Chile seeks to diversify its economy beyond copper and fruit exports. Chile last summer became the first South American country with a free-trade agreement with the United States.

Anthony Wylie, dean of agronomy at Chile's University of Santo Tomás, said he saw great potential to expand Chile's fruit production before coming to UC ����ԭ�� in 1965. He earned a master's degree here in 1966 and a doctorate in 1969.

He was one of the first Chileans to take advantage of "convenio Chile-California," a 1965-73 exchange agreement that sent UC professors to Chile and Chilean graduate students to UC campuses. Most of the Chilean students came to the ����ԭ�� campus to study agriculture.

The convenio was established with funding from the Ford Foundation at a time when the United States sought new alliances in Latin America to counter communism.

Wylie said he chose UC ����ԭ�� over other agricultural programs around the world because California's climate is so similar to Chile's and because, for fruit science, "����ԭ�� was the best."

At UC ����ԭ��, Wylie said he learned a scientific approach to problem solving, which he and other alumni taught — and still teach — to their students back home. "It has a multiplying effect." What followed, beginning in the mid-1970s, was a fruit boom that transformed the Chilean countryside and contributed to the nation's rising standard of living, according to Chilean and UC ����ԭ�� experts on Chile's agricultural development.

The phrase "����ԭ�� boys" derives from the "Chicago boys" — Chileans who studied the neoliberal economics of Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger at the University of Chicago and launched economic policies that made Chile a model for free-trade advocates. Those policies were started under dictator Augusto Pinochet and extended by succeeding democratic governments.

The ����ԭ�� boys provided technical expertise on what crops to introduce to Chile and how to grow them. "These scientists, then mainly professors in Chilean universities, took the lead in explaining to the farmers how to make these changes," said Lovell "Tu" Jarvis, UC ����ԭ�� professor of agricultural and resource economics and an associate dean for the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.

"They identified California varieties that could be grown in Chile and exported to world markets, and then helped farmers adapt production practices to produce high-quality fruit," Jarvis said. "They knew how to do basic research and taught farmers how new technology and better management could improve profits. Their contributions were crucial to the fruit sector's tremendous progress between 1974 and 1991."

Fruit exports from Chile rose from $50 million to $1 billion during that period and have continued to grow since, Jarvis said. Chile now produces about 95 percent of the table grapes imported by the United States in the winter.

With the growing season in the Southern Hemisphere from January through March, table grape imports helped rather than hurt California growers, Jarvis said. "People got used to eating grapes year-round," he said. Consumption rose, as did California growers' sales and prices.

UC ����ԭ�� history professor Arnold Bauer, an authority on Latin American history who wrote a well-known book on Chilean rural society, said that changes in Chile's central valley over the past few decades have been dramatic.

"I first came to Chile in the later 1960s when the central valley countryside was still devoted to the traditional activities of cereal, wheat mainly, and livestock, with a few nice wineries, large haciendas or fundos, and lots of raggedy campesinos," Bauer said via e-mail from Chile where he has directed an Education Abroad program the past three years.

"Now, driving south from Santiago to Talca and even beyond, one sees hardly anything but stretches of vineyard, rows of apple, peach, pear and apricot trees and, every now and then, huge packing houses, mainly the result of foreign investment by Del Monte, Dole, Uni Frutti and so on. The fields of fruit trees and vineyards are, by and large, owned by Chileans; the commercialization of the product is largely in foreign hands.

"What Pinochet and the Chicago boys did was carry out, in their terms, a 'capitalist revolution' in the countryside with the expected up and down sides. The ����ԭ�� boys were important in providing the technical expertise in the fruit and grape sectors. I think that the convenio with the University of California and the University of Chile was very successful, even 'fruitful' if you don't mind the pun."

Generational impact

The Chile-UC ����ԭ�� links have had long- lasting effects. UC ����ԭ�� alumni, with advice from UC ����ԭ�� professors, also helped transform Chilean higher education by establishing agricultural-sciences curricula.

When Carlos Crisosto was an undergraduate student at the University of Chile, most of his major professors were UC ����ԭ�� alumni. Even though the convenio had expired and there were fewer scholarships for Chileans to study here, Crisosto came to UC ����ԭ�� to get his horticulture master's degree in 1982. "UC ����ԭ�� was the most distinctive university in agriculture," he said.

He now works as a Cooperative Extension specialist at the UC Kearney Research and Extension Center near Fresno, where he researches ways to improve handling, packing and shipping of table grapes, nectarines, fresh market peaches, plums, apricots, kiwifruit, figs, olives and Asian pears.

Reinaldo Campos, who earned his doctorate in plant biology at UC ����ԭ�� in 2001, said UC ����ԭ�� was his first choice for graduate school. "The possibility to get many ideas of great scientists is remarkable at ����ԭ��," said Campos, who conducts research on fruit and vegetable physiology and post-harvest techniques for Chile's National Institute for Agriculture Research.

Strong presence on campus

About 25 Chilean students were enrolled this fall at UC ����ԭ��, most of them in graduate programs, said Wes Young, director of Services for International Students and Scholars. That is far fewer than the hundreds of students from China, Korea or Japan. However, Chile, a relatively small country with about 15 million people, still ranks 13th among foreign countries for numbers of students attending UC ����ԭ��.

"A lot of people come here because of the professors we had," said Cristóbal Uuay, a doctoral student here researching wheat genetics. "We always heard about the quality of education at ����ԭ��, and also of the shared interests."

Uuay, co-founder of the Chilean Cultural Association of ����ԭ��, said many other Chilean graduate students are junior faculty members who continue to receive salaries from their universities on the condition that they go back and work two years for every year they spend here. "The idea is not to have the brain drain from Chile," Uuay said.

UC ����ԭ�� fellowships cover his fees here, so he is not obligated to return immediately after finishing his doctorate in about a year, leaving open opportunities for postdoctoral research. However, he said he wants ultimately to go back, as do most Chilean students. "There's a national pride in how we're doing compared with the rest of Latin America. We want to be part of that."

However, he says that rising fees and visa restrictions are discouraging Chileans from applying, and few new students arrived this year to replace the 10 who finished and returned home.

More than half the Chilean students study agricultural sciences, Uuay said. But a few study atmospheric sciences under meteorology professor Robert Flocchini, an expert on how agriculture contributes to air pollution. Three others study history. And even one of the history students said the long-standing UC ����ԭ��-Chile ties influenced his decision to come here. Pablo Whipple, whose history dissertation focuses on 19th century Peru's ruling class, said colleagues at the Catholic University of Chile and friends studying here recommended UC ����ԭ��.

Future directions align

Alan Bennett, a UC ����ԭ�� plant sciences professor and associate vice chancellor for research, said the university is seeking new funds from the U.S. and Chilean governments to bring Chilean graduate students here and to provide opportunities for California students and faculty to carry out research in Chile.

Bennett has been working with Chilean colleagues to develop technology transfer programs. Last year, he worked with the nonprofit Fundación Chile in developing a national plan for getting Chilean research innovations to market. Bennett also developed an agreement between Fundación Chile and UC to identify technologies developed at UC campuses that could be commercialized in Chile.

"The university would like to see its technology further developed," Bennett said. "In some cases, a technology is not being developed in the United States because it doesn't fit into existing industries here that are typically further advanced but may make sense in the still-developing Chilean industry sector."

Bennett said educational exchange programs like the one that trained Chile's ����ԭ�� boys are critical to future innovations in both countries. "It's really through the students that these technologies can be developed."

Chile is a good partner because, in addition to UC ����ԭ��' many alumni there, the country shares a similar climate, strong research in agricultural biotechnology and many of the same natural resources as California.

Chile's main export is copper, but it is increasing its exports in crops, fish and forestry products. As its economy moves from non-renewable resources to renewable resources, Bennett said, Chile faces a great need to clean up the copper mines.

At Fundación Chile, Bennett has worked with alumnus Carlos Fernández — one of the last Chileans to come under the convenio. Fernández said UC ����ԭ��' help in developing technology transfer programs is welcomed in Chile. "In our country, this process is very weak," he said.

"The general consensus is that the University of California, and UC ����ԭ�� especially, is a center of knowledge and innovation that is first-line in the world."

Kathleen Holder is associate editor of UC ����ԭ�� Magazine.